##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##
Submitted
May 7, 2024
Published
Aug 4, 2024
Download
Statistic
Read Counter : 296
Download : 135
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to shed light on the dilemma of physicians’ emigration and health care through two perspectives that are arguably conflicting. More specifically, the objective of this paper is to examine the fundamental rudiments of these two perspectives. While the first perspective focuses on the multifaceted right of physicians to emigrate which is represented predominantly by the liberalist, the second perspective focuses on the right of patients to obtain necessary health care provided by physicians, this approach is represented by the nationalists. To achieve our aim, the comparative method was used which is adequate in presenting the underlying premises of each approach after reviewing the existing literature. By extracting the main basic conjectures and refutations of contradictory statements and analyzing it profoundly, the study findings indicated that the advocate of physicians’ mobility is pointedly linked to patients’ health care, and any shortage in physicians due to departing will impact health care accessibility. The findings also suggest that both of the perspectives carry rational and realistic arguments, but the differences in the assumptions and the reductionism of the claims hinders and prevents the possibility of reconciling and combining them in order to reach a solution to what can be called the discrepancy dilemma of rights between physicians’ emigration and patient health care.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Benfifi, T. (2024). Physicians Emigration between the Right to Emigration and Patients Right to Health Care: A Comparative Study. Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research, 5(2), 399-414. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijssr.05.02.04
References
1. Nedić T. Demystifying the Concept of the Right to Health. Synth philos (Online). 2022 Dec 29;37(2):277–305.
2. Labonté R, Sanders D, Mathole T, Crush J, Chikanda A, Dambisya Y, et al. Health worker migration from South Africa: causes, consequences and policy respons-es. Human Resources for Health. 2015 Dec 3;13(1):92.
3. Mullan F. The metrics of the physician brain drain. N Engl J Med. 2005 Oct 27;353(17):1810–8.
4. Eaton J, Baingana F, Abdulaziz M, Obindo T, Skuse D, Jenkins R. The negative impact of global health worker migration, and how it can be addressed. Public Health. 2023 Dec 1;225:254–7.
5. Pond B, McPake B. The health migration crisis: the role of four Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. Lancet. 2006 Apr 29;367(9520):1448–55.
6. Buchan J, Perfilieva G. Health worker mi-gration in the European Region: country case studies and policy implications [In-ternet]. World Health Organization. Re-gional Office for Europe; 2006 [cited 2023 Jun 24]. Report No.: WHO/EURO:2006-3956-43715-61498. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/347915
7. Lee ES. A theory of migration. Demogra-phy. 1966 Mar 1;3(1):47–57.
8. de Haas H. A theory of migration: the as-pirations-capabilities framework. Com-parative Migration Studies. 2021 Feb 24;9(1):8.
9. Apostu SA, Vasile V, Marin E, Bunduchi E. Factors Influencing Physicians Migra-tion—A Case Study from Romania. Math-ematics. 2022 Jan;10(3):505.
10. Haxton DJ. Breakup of H$_2^+$ by photon impact. Phys Rev A. 2013 Jul 22;88(1):013415.
11. Portes A, Rumbaut RG. Immigrant Ameri-ca: A Portrait. Univ of California Press; 2014. 538 p.
12. Sassen S. Sociology of Globalization. W.W. Norton; 2007. 308 p.
13. WHO. Everybody’s business -- strengthen-ing health systems to improve health out-comes : WHO’s framework for action [In-ternet]. 2007 [cited 2023 Apr 17]. Availa-ble from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43918
14. Joseph AE, Phillips DR. Accessibility and utilization: geographical perspectives on health care delivery [Internet]. London: Harper & Row; 1984 [cited 2023 May 19]. Available from: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0021538772&partnerID=8YFLogxK
15. Ursulica TE. The Relationship between Health Care Needs and Accessibility to Health Care Services in Botosani County- Romania. Procedia Environmental Sci-ences. 2016 Jan 1;32:300–10.
16. Wirtz V, Cribb A, Barber N. Patient–doctor decision-making about treatment within the consultation—A critical analysis of models. Social Science & Medicine. 2006 Jan 1;62(1):116–24.
17. Taleb A, Talib A. Nudging. Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research. 2020 Dec 31;1(1):28–33.
18. Bohl DD. The Ethics of Physician Migra-tion and Their Implications for the United States. 2009 [cited 2023 Apr 16];(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8V987RP
19. Alkire sabina, Chen L. ‘Medical Excep-tionalism’ in International Migration: Should Doctors and Nurses Be Treated Differently? In: Globalizing Chinese Migra-tion. Routledge; 2003.
20. Herstein O. Legal Rights. In: Zalta EN, Nodelman U, editors. The Stanford Ency-clopedia of Philosophy [Internet]. Spring 2023. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 3]. Available from: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/legal-rights/
21. Kluge EHW. The Right to Health Care: Eth-ical Considerations. Springer Nature; 2022. 246 p.
22. Tierney B. The Idea of Natural Rights-Origins and Persistence. Northwestern Journal of Human Rights. 2004 Jan 1;2(1):1.
23. Purcell JM. A Right to Leave , but No-where to Go: Reconciling an Emigrant’s Right to Leave with the Sovereign’s Right to Exclude. The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. 2007;39(1):177–205.
24. Harvey C, Barnidge, Jr B Jr. The right to leave one’s own country under interna-tional law. A paper prepared for the Poli-cy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration. Global Commission on Interna-tional Migration (GCIM); 2005.
25. UNGA. The International Covenant on Civ-il and Political Rights. 1966.
26. WHO. CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION [Internet]. 1946 [cited 2023 Dec 20]. Available from: https://rb.gy/2r5wxf
27. Wainwright D. A sociology of health / ed-ited by David Wainwright. Los Angeles, [Calif.] ; SAGE; 2008. xvi+199.
28. McCartney G, Popham F, McMaster R, Cumbers A. Defining health and health in-equalities. Public Health. 2019 May 30;172:22–30.
29. Bole TJ. The Rhetoric of Rights and Justice in Health Care. In: Bole TJ, Bondeson WB, editors. Rights to Health Care [Internet]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1991 [cited 2023 Dec 3]. p. 1–19. (Philosophy and Medicine). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-28295-4_1
30. Evans T. A Human Right to Health? Third World Quarterly. 2002;23(2):197–215.
31. WHO/OHCHR. The Right to Health: Fact Sheet No. 31. Geneva. 2008.
32. Gaillard AM, Gaillard J. Les enjeux des mi-grations scientifiques internationales De la quête du savoir à la circulation des compétences. Paris. France: L’Harmattan lne; 1999.
33. Hafner P. The Varying Degrees of Liberal-ism in Migration and Immigration Policy Within the European Union: Causes, Con-sequences and Clashes. Conspectus Bore-alis [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1;1(1). Available from: https://commons.nmu.edu/conspectus_borealis/vol1/iss1/12
34. Freiman C, Hidalgo J. Liberalism or Immi-gration Restrictions, but Not Both. JESP. 2016;10(2):1–23.
35. Easterly W, Nyarko Y. Is the Brain Drain Good for Africa? SSRN Journal [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2023 Dec 4]; Available from: http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1121853
36. Koser K. International Migration: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford; 2007. 153 p.
37. Glăvan B. Brain Drain: A Management or a Property Problem? The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 2008;67(4):719–38.
38. Blouin C, Drager N, Smith R. International Trade in Health Services and the GATS [Internet]. The World Bank; 2005 [cited 2023 Jun 26]. 324 p. (Trade and Devel-opment). Available from: https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-6211-2
39. Stark O. Rethinking the Brain Drain. World Development. 2004 Jan;32(1):15–22.
40. Hidalgo JS. The active recruitment of health workers: a defence. J Med Ethics. 2013 Oct;39(10):603–9.
41. Bhargava A, Docquier F. HIV Pandemic, Medical Brain Drain, and Economic De-velopment in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Economic Review. 2008 May;22(2):345–66.
42. Hooper CR. Reply to Hidalgo’s ‘The active recruitment of health workers: a defence’ article. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2013 Oct 1;39(10):611–2.
43. Clemens MA. Do Visas Kill? Health Effects of African Health Professional Emigration [Internet]. Rochester, NY; 2007 [cited 2023 Mar 28]. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=980332
44. Boeri T, Ours J van. The Economics of Im-perfect Labor Markets. Princeton Univer-sity Press; 2008. 344 p.
45. Capriati M. The Universal Scope of Posi-tive Duties Correlative to Human Rights. Utilitas. 2018 Sep;30(3):355–78.
46. Hidalgo J. Why restrictions on the immi-gration of health workers are unjust. Dev World Bioeth. 2014 Dec;14(3):117–26.
47. Dwyer James. What’s Wrong with the Global Migration of Health Care Profes-sionals? Individual Rights and Interna-tional Justice. Hastings Center Report. 2007;37(5):36–43.
48. Bhagwati JN. International Migration of the Highly Skilled: Economics, Ethics and Taxes. Third World Quarterly. 1979;1(3):17–30.
49. UNESCO. Universal Declaration on Bioeth-ics and Human Rights [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2023 Dec 20]. Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146180
50. Fried B, Fottler MD. Fundamentals of Hu-man Resources in Healthcare. Health Ad-ministration Press; 2011. 365 p.
51. Dovlo D. Migration of Nurses from Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Issues and Challenges. Health Services Research. 2007;42(3p2):1373–88.
52. Clark PF, Stewart JB, Clark DA. The glob-alization of the labour market for health-care professionals. International Labour Review. 2006;145(1–2):37–64.
53. Hooper CR. Adding insult to injury: the healthcare brain drain. J Med Ethics. 2008 Sep;34(9):684–7.
54. Bhargava A. Physician emigration, popu-lation health and public policies. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2013;39(10):616–8.
55. Brock G. Is active recruitment of health workers really not guilty of enabling harm or facilitating wrongdoing? J Med Ethics. 2013 Oct;39(10):612–4; discussion 618-620.
56. Brock G, Blake MI. Debating Brain Drain: May Governments Restrict Emigration? Oxford University Press; 2015. 313 p.
57. Ascencio FL. Bringing it Back Home: Re-mittances to Mexico from Migrant Work-ers in the United States. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, UCSD; 1993. 108 p.
58. Wright D, Flis N, Gupta M. The ‘Brain Drain’ of physicians: historical anteced-ents to an ethical debate, c. 1960–79. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2008 Nov 10;3:24.
59. Brock G. Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Account. OUP Oxford; 2009. 384 p.
60. Brock G. Migration and global justice: re-alistic options for here and now [Inter-net]. 2010 [cited 2024 Jan 1]. Available from: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/migration-and-global-justice-realistic-options-for-here-and-now/
61. Brassington I. Recruiting medics from the poorest nations? It could be worse…. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2013 Oct 1;39(10):610–1.
62. Padarath A, Chamberlain C, McCoy D, Ntu-li A, Rowson M, Loewenson R. Health per-sonnel in Southern Africa : confronting maldistribution and brain drain. In: EQ-UINET DISCUSSION PAPER NUMBER 3 [Internet]. Canada: International Devel-opment Research Centre; 2004 [cited 2023 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Health-personnel-in-Southern-Africa-%3A-confronting-Padarath-Chamber-lain/8007fd5f306f3e8bfa025ac4a3000c578bbf2bfa
63. Wismar M, Maier CB, Glinos IA, Dussault G, Figueras J. Health professional mobility and health systems: evidence from 17 Eu-ropean countries [Internet]. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2011 [cited 2023 May 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/170421
64. IOM. International Organization for Mi-gration. 2006 [cited 2023 Apr 10]. Migra-tion and Human Resources for Health - From Awareness to Action. Available from: https://www.iom.int/migration-and-human-resources-health-awareness-action
65. Cimiotti JP, Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Wu ES. Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care–associated infection. American Journal of Infection Control. 2012 Aug;40(6):486–90.
66. Spetz J, Harless DW, Herrera CN, Mark BA. Using Minimum Nurse Staffing Regula-tions to Measure the Relationship Be-tween Nursing and Hospital Quality of Care. Med Care Res Rev. 2013 Aug;70(4):380–99.
67. Sawatzky JAV, Enns CL. Exploring the key predictors of retention in emergency nurses: Key predictors of retention in emergency nurses. Journal of Nursing Management. 2012 Jul;20(5):696–707.
2. Labonté R, Sanders D, Mathole T, Crush J, Chikanda A, Dambisya Y, et al. Health worker migration from South Africa: causes, consequences and policy respons-es. Human Resources for Health. 2015 Dec 3;13(1):92.
3. Mullan F. The metrics of the physician brain drain. N Engl J Med. 2005 Oct 27;353(17):1810–8.
4. Eaton J, Baingana F, Abdulaziz M, Obindo T, Skuse D, Jenkins R. The negative impact of global health worker migration, and how it can be addressed. Public Health. 2023 Dec 1;225:254–7.
5. Pond B, McPake B. The health migration crisis: the role of four Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. Lancet. 2006 Apr 29;367(9520):1448–55.
6. Buchan J, Perfilieva G. Health worker mi-gration in the European Region: country case studies and policy implications [In-ternet]. World Health Organization. Re-gional Office for Europe; 2006 [cited 2023 Jun 24]. Report No.: WHO/EURO:2006-3956-43715-61498. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/347915
7. Lee ES. A theory of migration. Demogra-phy. 1966 Mar 1;3(1):47–57.
8. de Haas H. A theory of migration: the as-pirations-capabilities framework. Com-parative Migration Studies. 2021 Feb 24;9(1):8.
9. Apostu SA, Vasile V, Marin E, Bunduchi E. Factors Influencing Physicians Migra-tion—A Case Study from Romania. Math-ematics. 2022 Jan;10(3):505.
10. Haxton DJ. Breakup of H$_2^+$ by photon impact. Phys Rev A. 2013 Jul 22;88(1):013415.
11. Portes A, Rumbaut RG. Immigrant Ameri-ca: A Portrait. Univ of California Press; 2014. 538 p.
12. Sassen S. Sociology of Globalization. W.W. Norton; 2007. 308 p.
13. WHO. Everybody’s business -- strengthen-ing health systems to improve health out-comes : WHO’s framework for action [In-ternet]. 2007 [cited 2023 Apr 17]. Availa-ble from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43918
14. Joseph AE, Phillips DR. Accessibility and utilization: geographical perspectives on health care delivery [Internet]. London: Harper & Row; 1984 [cited 2023 May 19]. Available from: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0021538772&partnerID=8YFLogxK
15. Ursulica TE. The Relationship between Health Care Needs and Accessibility to Health Care Services in Botosani County- Romania. Procedia Environmental Sci-ences. 2016 Jan 1;32:300–10.
16. Wirtz V, Cribb A, Barber N. Patient–doctor decision-making about treatment within the consultation—A critical analysis of models. Social Science & Medicine. 2006 Jan 1;62(1):116–24.
17. Taleb A, Talib A. Nudging. Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research. 2020 Dec 31;1(1):28–33.
18. Bohl DD. The Ethics of Physician Migra-tion and Their Implications for the United States. 2009 [cited 2023 Apr 16];(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8V987RP
19. Alkire sabina, Chen L. ‘Medical Excep-tionalism’ in International Migration: Should Doctors and Nurses Be Treated Differently? In: Globalizing Chinese Migra-tion. Routledge; 2003.
20. Herstein O. Legal Rights. In: Zalta EN, Nodelman U, editors. The Stanford Ency-clopedia of Philosophy [Internet]. Spring 2023. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 3]. Available from: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/legal-rights/
21. Kluge EHW. The Right to Health Care: Eth-ical Considerations. Springer Nature; 2022. 246 p.
22. Tierney B. The Idea of Natural Rights-Origins and Persistence. Northwestern Journal of Human Rights. 2004 Jan 1;2(1):1.
23. Purcell JM. A Right to Leave , but No-where to Go: Reconciling an Emigrant’s Right to Leave with the Sovereign’s Right to Exclude. The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. 2007;39(1):177–205.
24. Harvey C, Barnidge, Jr B Jr. The right to leave one’s own country under interna-tional law. A paper prepared for the Poli-cy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration. Global Commission on Interna-tional Migration (GCIM); 2005.
25. UNGA. The International Covenant on Civ-il and Political Rights. 1966.
26. WHO. CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION [Internet]. 1946 [cited 2023 Dec 20]. Available from: https://rb.gy/2r5wxf
27. Wainwright D. A sociology of health / ed-ited by David Wainwright. Los Angeles, [Calif.] ; SAGE; 2008. xvi+199.
28. McCartney G, Popham F, McMaster R, Cumbers A. Defining health and health in-equalities. Public Health. 2019 May 30;172:22–30.
29. Bole TJ. The Rhetoric of Rights and Justice in Health Care. In: Bole TJ, Bondeson WB, editors. Rights to Health Care [Internet]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1991 [cited 2023 Dec 3]. p. 1–19. (Philosophy and Medicine). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-28295-4_1
30. Evans T. A Human Right to Health? Third World Quarterly. 2002;23(2):197–215.
31. WHO/OHCHR. The Right to Health: Fact Sheet No. 31. Geneva. 2008.
32. Gaillard AM, Gaillard J. Les enjeux des mi-grations scientifiques internationales De la quête du savoir à la circulation des compétences. Paris. France: L’Harmattan lne; 1999.
33. Hafner P. The Varying Degrees of Liberal-ism in Migration and Immigration Policy Within the European Union: Causes, Con-sequences and Clashes. Conspectus Bore-alis [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1;1(1). Available from: https://commons.nmu.edu/conspectus_borealis/vol1/iss1/12
34. Freiman C, Hidalgo J. Liberalism or Immi-gration Restrictions, but Not Both. JESP. 2016;10(2):1–23.
35. Easterly W, Nyarko Y. Is the Brain Drain Good for Africa? SSRN Journal [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2023 Dec 4]; Available from: http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1121853
36. Koser K. International Migration: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford; 2007. 153 p.
37. Glăvan B. Brain Drain: A Management or a Property Problem? The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 2008;67(4):719–38.
38. Blouin C, Drager N, Smith R. International Trade in Health Services and the GATS [Internet]. The World Bank; 2005 [cited 2023 Jun 26]. 324 p. (Trade and Devel-opment). Available from: https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-6211-2
39. Stark O. Rethinking the Brain Drain. World Development. 2004 Jan;32(1):15–22.
40. Hidalgo JS. The active recruitment of health workers: a defence. J Med Ethics. 2013 Oct;39(10):603–9.
41. Bhargava A, Docquier F. HIV Pandemic, Medical Brain Drain, and Economic De-velopment in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Economic Review. 2008 May;22(2):345–66.
42. Hooper CR. Reply to Hidalgo’s ‘The active recruitment of health workers: a defence’ article. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2013 Oct 1;39(10):611–2.
43. Clemens MA. Do Visas Kill? Health Effects of African Health Professional Emigration [Internet]. Rochester, NY; 2007 [cited 2023 Mar 28]. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=980332
44. Boeri T, Ours J van. The Economics of Im-perfect Labor Markets. Princeton Univer-sity Press; 2008. 344 p.
45. Capriati M. The Universal Scope of Posi-tive Duties Correlative to Human Rights. Utilitas. 2018 Sep;30(3):355–78.
46. Hidalgo J. Why restrictions on the immi-gration of health workers are unjust. Dev World Bioeth. 2014 Dec;14(3):117–26.
47. Dwyer James. What’s Wrong with the Global Migration of Health Care Profes-sionals? Individual Rights and Interna-tional Justice. Hastings Center Report. 2007;37(5):36–43.
48. Bhagwati JN. International Migration of the Highly Skilled: Economics, Ethics and Taxes. Third World Quarterly. 1979;1(3):17–30.
49. UNESCO. Universal Declaration on Bioeth-ics and Human Rights [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2023 Dec 20]. Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146180
50. Fried B, Fottler MD. Fundamentals of Hu-man Resources in Healthcare. Health Ad-ministration Press; 2011. 365 p.
51. Dovlo D. Migration of Nurses from Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Issues and Challenges. Health Services Research. 2007;42(3p2):1373–88.
52. Clark PF, Stewart JB, Clark DA. The glob-alization of the labour market for health-care professionals. International Labour Review. 2006;145(1–2):37–64.
53. Hooper CR. Adding insult to injury: the healthcare brain drain. J Med Ethics. 2008 Sep;34(9):684–7.
54. Bhargava A. Physician emigration, popu-lation health and public policies. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2013;39(10):616–8.
55. Brock G. Is active recruitment of health workers really not guilty of enabling harm or facilitating wrongdoing? J Med Ethics. 2013 Oct;39(10):612–4; discussion 618-620.
56. Brock G, Blake MI. Debating Brain Drain: May Governments Restrict Emigration? Oxford University Press; 2015. 313 p.
57. Ascencio FL. Bringing it Back Home: Re-mittances to Mexico from Migrant Work-ers in the United States. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, UCSD; 1993. 108 p.
58. Wright D, Flis N, Gupta M. The ‘Brain Drain’ of physicians: historical anteced-ents to an ethical debate, c. 1960–79. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2008 Nov 10;3:24.
59. Brock G. Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Account. OUP Oxford; 2009. 384 p.
60. Brock G. Migration and global justice: re-alistic options for here and now [Inter-net]. 2010 [cited 2024 Jan 1]. Available from: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/migration-and-global-justice-realistic-options-for-here-and-now/
61. Brassington I. Recruiting medics from the poorest nations? It could be worse…. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2013 Oct 1;39(10):610–1.
62. Padarath A, Chamberlain C, McCoy D, Ntu-li A, Rowson M, Loewenson R. Health per-sonnel in Southern Africa : confronting maldistribution and brain drain. In: EQ-UINET DISCUSSION PAPER NUMBER 3 [Internet]. Canada: International Devel-opment Research Centre; 2004 [cited 2023 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Health-personnel-in-Southern-Africa-%3A-confronting-Padarath-Chamber-lain/8007fd5f306f3e8bfa025ac4a3000c578bbf2bfa
63. Wismar M, Maier CB, Glinos IA, Dussault G, Figueras J. Health professional mobility and health systems: evidence from 17 Eu-ropean countries [Internet]. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2011 [cited 2023 May 22]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/170421
64. IOM. International Organization for Mi-gration. 2006 [cited 2023 Apr 10]. Migra-tion and Human Resources for Health - From Awareness to Action. Available from: https://www.iom.int/migration-and-human-resources-health-awareness-action
65. Cimiotti JP, Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Wu ES. Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care–associated infection. American Journal of Infection Control. 2012 Aug;40(6):486–90.
66. Spetz J, Harless DW, Herrera CN, Mark BA. Using Minimum Nurse Staffing Regula-tions to Measure the Relationship Be-tween Nursing and Hospital Quality of Care. Med Care Res Rev. 2013 Aug;70(4):380–99.
67. Sawatzky JAV, Enns CL. Exploring the key predictors of retention in emergency nurses: Key predictors of retention in emergency nurses. Journal of Nursing Management. 2012 Jul;20(5):696–707.