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Nov 6, 2023
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Nov 27, 2023
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Abstract
Introduction: The victims in Indonesia who have been wrongly arrested in various phases of the criminal justice process and have accordingly experienced suffering are not yet included within the terms. The existing term does not clearly describe the officials responsible for the wrongful arrest while enforcing criminal law either. This study aims to address these problems. Method: Using literature review as a research method to explain problems regarding the terms of wrongful arrest, the study also uses critical victimology, which includes structural victimization and state crime. Results: The process of wrongful arrest in Indonesia comprised of victims who were released in the early phase of the case investigation and victims who have served their sentences. Additionally, officials in the criminal justice system, especially the police, and judges, have a significant role in attracting people into the criminal justice system and keeping them in the position of the perpetrator until the last phase, even when all the evidence point to the victim’s innocence. Conclusions: Such a characteristic can be described as a vacuum. It tends to suck the victims until the final phase despite its ability to release them in the middle of the process with the help of parties of the justice system. Given this problem, wrongful criminal justice process as a new term has emerged, which includes and explains problems not adequately addressed by the previous term. Through this term, it is expected that the victims will get more attention and receive compensation from the state.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Rahmawati, E., & Dermawan, M. K. (2023). Vacuum effect of wrongful criminal justice process: The case of Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research, 4(2), 182-227. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijssr.04.02.10
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2. Okpaluba C (2018) Damages for wrongful arrest, detention and malicious prosecu-tion in Swaziland: Liability issues. J Juridi-cal Sci. 43:55-83. https://doi.org/10.18820/24150517/JJS43.v1.4
3. Duncan C (2019) Justifying justice: Six fac-tors of wrongful convictions and their so-lutions. Themis Res J Justice Stud Forensic Sci. 7:91-107. https://doi.org/10.31979/THEMIS.2019.0706
4. Le LC, Hoang YH, Bui HT, Nguyen DQ, Mai ST, Luong HT (2022) Understanding caus-es for wrongful convictions in Vietnam: A view from the top and the bottom of the Iceberg. Asian J Criminol. 17:55-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-022-09390-7
5. This is the Case Experienced by Dedi, who was a Victim of Wrongful Arrest until He was Released [https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2980444/ini-kasus-yang-menjerat-dedi-korban-salah-tangkap-hingga-bebas], ac-cessed 14 Aug 2023.
6. Borchard EM (1913) European systems of state indemnity for errors of criminal jus-tice. J Am Inst Crim Law Criminol. 3:684-718
7. Greer S (1994) Miscarriages of Criminal Justice Reconsidered. USA: Blackwell Pub-lishers.
8. Garner BA (2019) Black’s Law Dictionary. 11th Edition. St. Paul, MN: Thompson West.
9. Naughton M (2004) Redefining miscar-riages of justice: A revived human-rights approach to unearth subjugated discours-es of wrongful criminal conviction. Br J Criminol. 45:165-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh066
10. Bohm RM (2005) Miscarriages of criminal justice: An introduction. J Contemp Crim Justice. 21:196-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986205278811
11. Creswell JW (2012) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. London: Pearson Education, Inc.
12. Rahmawati E (2019) Recovery Strategy and Formal Social Control of Victimization in Miscarriages of Justice in Indonesia. Ja-karta: Universitas Indonesia.
13. Rahmawati E, Dermawan MK (2021) Mis-carriages of justice in Indonesia: Margin-alized groups, structural victimization, and formal social control. Adv Soc Sci Educ Humanit Res. 592:456-466. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211112.059
14. Walklate S (1990) Researching victims of crime: Critical victimology. Soc Justice. 17:25-42
15. Von Nagel WH (1979) Structural victimi-zation. In: Kirchhoff GF, Sessar K, eds. Verbrechensopfer. USA: Office of Justice Program. 61-83.
16. Kauzlarich D, Matthews RA, Miller WJ (2001) Toward a victimology of state crime. Crit Criminol. 10:173-194. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015744304749
17. Borchard EM (1932) Convicting the Inno-cent: Sixty-five Actual Errors of Criminal Justice. New York: Doubleday.
18. Forst B (2011) Errors of Justice: Nature, Sources and Remedies. UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Naughton M. Miscarriages of justice, wrongful convictions and victims. In: Cor-teen K, Morley S, Taylor P, Turner J, eds. (2016) A companion to crime, harm and victimisation. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.
20. Gould JB, Leo RA (2010) One hundred years later: Wrongful convictions after a century of research. J Crim Law Criminol. 1973- 100:825-868.
21. Roberts S, Weathered L (2008) Assisting the factually innocent: The contradictions and compatibility of innocence projects and the criminal cases review commis-sion. Oxf J Leg Stud. 29:43-70. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqn022
22. Packer H (1968) The Limits of the Crimi-nal Sanction. Standford: Stanford Univer-sity Press.
23. Schiffer K, Schatz E (2008) Marginaliza-tion, Social Inclusion, and Health. Amster-dam: Foundation Regenboog AMOC.
24. Deonandan R (2019) Defining poverty: A summary of competing models. J Soc Polit Sci. 2:17-21. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.02.01.44
25. Linton RE (1945) The Science of Man in the World Crisis. Columbia: Columbia Uni-versity Press.
26. Ritzer G (2001) Sociological Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
27. Criminalization: Modus and Cases in In-donesia [https://kontras.org/2016/09/16/kriminalisasi-modus-dan-kasus-kasusnya-di-indonesia], accessed 13 Aug 2023.
28. Cameron S, Newman E (2008) Trafficking in Humans: Social, Cultural and Political Dimensions. Tokyo: United Nations Uni-versity Press.
29. Budi, Victim of Wrongful Arrest by Police [https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/125366/budi-korban-salah-tangkap-polisi], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
30. Hartani M, Nulhaqim SA (2020) Analisis konflik antar umat beragama di Aceh Singkil. J Kolaborasi Resolusi Konflik. 2:93-99
31. Criminal Procedure Code 1981 (1981) UU No. 8 Tahun 1981 Tanggal 31 Desember 1981 Tentang Hukum Acara Pi-dana/KUHAP. Jakarta: Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 76.
32. Narcotics Law 2009 (2009) UU No. 35 Ta-hun 2009 tentang Narkotika. Jakarta: Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor Tahun 2009 Nomor 143.
33. Terms of Restorative Justice in Criminal Matters [https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1640541/syarat-restorative-justice-dalam-perkara-pidana], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
34. KontraS Reveals the Irregularity of Ruben and Markus Sambo’s Death Sentences [https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/618224/kontras-ungkap-kejanggalan-vonis-mati-ruben-dan-markus-sambo], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
35. Haryadi L, Suteki S (2017) Implementasi nilai keadilan sosial oleh hakim dalam perkara Lanjar Sriyanto dari perspektif Pancasila dan kode etik profesi hakim. Law Reform. 13:164-179. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v13i2.16153
36. The Story of the Wrongful Arrest of Sri Mulyati Which Resulted in Her Child Dropping Out of School [https://nasional.tempo.co/read/720861/kisah-salah-tangkap-sri-mulyati-hingga-anaknya-putus-sekolah], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
37. Gorontalo “Sengkon-Karta” Tragedy, Kado Bad Bhayangkara Anniversary [https://www.antaranews.com/berita/69586/tragedi-sengkon-karta-gorontalo-kado-buruk-hut-bhayangkara], accessed 13 Aug 2023.
38. KontraS: The Attorney General Postpones the Death Execution of Ruben Pata Sambo [https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/617859/kontras-jaksa-agung-tunda-eksekusi-mati-ruben-pata-sambo], ac-cessed 14 Aug 2023.
39. Kemat and Devid Are Finally Released [https://medan.kompas.com/read/2008/12/03/18543871/~Regional~Jawa], ac-cessed 13 Aug 2023.
40. Victim of Wrongful Arrest Complains to the Judicial Commission [https://nasional.tempo.co/read/459290/korban-salah-tangkap-mengadu-ke-komisi-yudisial], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
41. The Story of Grandma Minah and Listyo Sigit Promises that the Downward Law is Equal to Upward [https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/01/21/20554571/kisah-nenek-minah-dan-janji-listyo-sigit-agar-hukum-tak-tajam-ke-bawah], accessed 13 Aug 2023.
42. Grandma Minah Your Name is Mentioned [https://mediaindonesia.com/podiums/detail_podiums/2050-nenek-minah-namamu-disebut], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
43. Lanjar was Sentenced to Two Months and 14 Days of Probation [https://regional.kompas.com/read/2011/12/12/2135248/~Regional~Jawa?page=all], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
44. Historian Rizal is Suspected of being a Pickpocket [https://metro.tempo.co/read/212787/sejarawan-rizal-dikira-pencopet], accessed 13 Aug 2023
45. Full Chronology of the Cipulir Murder Case to the Wrongful Arrest of 6 Street Musicians [https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2019/07/20/10454261/kronologi-lengkap-kasus-pembunuhan-cipulir-hingga-salah-tangkap-6], accessed 13 Aug 2023.
46. Chronology of Wrongful Arrest to Robin, Who Has Been Battered According to the Police Version [https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/719009/kronologi-salah-tangkap-robin-yang-sudah-babak-belur-versi-polisi], ac-cessed 14 Aug 2023.
47. Narcotics Case Manipulation: The Victim’s Family Complained Their Fate to the Na-tional Human Rights Commission [https://bantuanhukum.or.id/rekayasa-kasus-narkotika-keluarga-korban-mengadukan-nasibnya-ke-komnas-ham/], accessed 13 Aug 2023.
48. Sapuan, Life Convict of Murder Case in Pati Plans to File Judicial Review [https://yosepparera.id/2019/07/14/sapuan-terpidana-seumur-hidup-kases-pemkillan-di-pati-beplan-ajukan-pk], ac-cessed 13 Aug 2023.
49. The Victim of Alleged False Justice in the Murder Case Finds New Evidence [https://www.antaranews.com/berita/965754/korban-dugaan-peradilan-sesat-kasus-pembunuhan-temukan-bukti-baru], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
50. Wrongful Arrest Case: This Motorcycle Taxi Driver Also Lost His Child [https://metro.tempo.co/read/688382/kasus-salah-tangkap-tukang-ojek-ini-juga-kehilangan-anaknya], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
51. Case of Grandma Asyani, Lawyer: As Want to Securing Institutions [https://nasional.tempo.co/read/657468/kasus-nenek-asyani-pengacara-seperti-mau-amankan-lembaga], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
52. Grandma Asyani’s and Fragile Law [https://www.pa-penajam.go.id/formasi-penajam/369-nenek-asyani-dan-%20Hukum-yang-ringkih-21-9], accessed 13 Aug 2023.
53. Minister Yohana Asks for Justice for Grandma Asyani [https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/30/285/menteri-yohana-%20Minta-keadilan-untuk-nenek-asyani], accessed 13 Aug 2023.
54. 3 Jayapura Residents Become Victims of Wrongful Arrest and Persecution [https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/1039052/174/3-warga-jayapura-jadi-korban-salah-tangkap-dan-penganiayaan], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
55. Case of Meiliana: The Minister of Religion to the Vice President Gives Support Amidst the Pros and Cons of Netizens [https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/meiliana-penistaan-agama-azan-dukungan-menag-wapres/4541550.html], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
56. Anggara (2017) Torture in Asep Sunan-dar’s Criminal Case: Amicus Curiae (Friend of the Court). Jakarta: ICJR.
57. Suspected to be Victim of Wrongful Ar-rest, Asep Sentenced to 3 Years [https://metro.tempo.co/read/873822/diduga-korban-salah-tangkap-asep-divonis-3-tahun], accessed 13 Aug 2023.
58. The Story of Budi Pego, an Activist Who Was Accused as a Communist: Keeping to Reject Gold Mine After Imprisonment (Part I) [https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/12/16/07255421/kisah-budi-pego-aktivis-dengan-tuduhan-komunis-tetap-tolak-tambang-emas-usai?page=all], ac-cessed 14 Aug 2023.
59. The Story of Wrong Arrest Victim Who Was Tortured by the Police [https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/06/22/08572121/kisah.korban.salah.tangkap.yang.disiksa.polisi?page=all], accessed 14 Aug 2023.
60. Hot Traces of the Case of a Quran Teacher Accused of Robber in Bekasi [https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20220216231231-12-760212/jejak-panas-kasus-guru-ngaji-dituduh-lakukan-begal-di-bekasi], accessed 13 Aug 2023.
61. The Accused Recitation Teacher HMI Ca-dre Begal in Bekasi Freed from Prisoner [https://metro.tempo.co/read/1589918/kader-hmi-guru-ngaji-yang-dituduh-begal-di-bekasi-dibebaskan-dari-tahanan], accessed 13 Aug 2023.