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Mar 4, 2024
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May 11, 2024
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Abstract
The present paper brings forth visual perception privacy issue in mass housing in Algiers. Considering a correlation between obstruction rates and visual perception privacy, the case study was selected to measure dwellers’ satisfaction according to Altman’s theoretical framework. A qualitative method was adopted and a semi-guided interview was conducted with 28 downtown mass housing residents in Algiers. On the other hand, to understand outsiders’ perspective regarding downtown dwellings’ perception, the qualitative method was supplemented by a survey involving 94 participants. Both methodological tools were structured according to previous non-participatory observation. Finally, the investigated area appears as being double-scaled: on an urban scale visual perception privacy measurement, people are satisfied, while on the residential scale, dissatisfaction prevails. From outsiders’ perspective, dynamic motions combined to street furniture create a visual protective shield between dwellers and unfamiliar outsiders, as the later perceive environment on a cognitive dimension, while familiar outsiders perceive it on an affective-emotional symbolic dimension.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Benlakehal, N., Lebdiri, M., & Djedi, H. (2024). Behind the Privative Space Obstruction. Investigating Visual Perception Privacy, Downtown Algiers’ Mass Housing. Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research, 5(1), 166-188. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijssr.05.01.15
References
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4. Alizadeh, H. (2012). The concept of privacy and space in Kurdish cities. Urban theory beyond the West: A world of cities, 149-168.
5. ALJAWDER, H., & EL-WAKEEL, H. A. (2022). ARCHITECTURE AND PRIVACY IN ISLAM: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 211, 129-139.
6. Alkhazmi, H. M., & Esin, N. (2017). Investigation the visual privacy on houses layouts in traditional desert settlement of Ghadames City-Libya-by using space syntax analysis. Int J Appl Eng Res, 12(19), 8941-51.
7. Al‐Kodmany, K. (1999). Residential visual privacy: Traditional and modern architecture and urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 4(3), 283-311.
8. Al-Kodmany, K. (2000). Women's visual privacy in traditional and modern neighborhoods in Damascus. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 283-303.
9. Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, crowding. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
10. Altman, I. (1977). Privacy regulation: Culturally universal or culturally specific?. Journal of social issues, 33(3), 66-84.
11. Antoniou, N., Montazeri, H., Wigo, H., Neophytou, M. K. A., Blocken, B., & Sandberg, M. (2017). CFD and wind-tunnel analysis of outdoor ventilation in a real compact heterogeneous urban area: Evaluation using “air delay”. Building and Environment, 126, 355-372.
12. Aydin, D., & Sayar, G. (2021). Questioning the use of the balcony in apartments during the COVID-19 pandemic process. Archnet-IJAR: International
Journal of Architectural Research, 15(1), 51-63.
13. AymanNajeedTomah. (2012). Visual privacy in residential areas: amendment of building regulations. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning, 165(1), 43-53.
14. Badeche, M., & Bouchahm, Y. (2021). Contribution of Renewable Energies in Existing Building Retrofits. In Artificial Intelligence and Renewables Towards an Energy Transition 4 (55-61). Springer International Publishing.
15. Bailly, A. S. (1977). The perception of urban space: concepts, study methods,their use in urban research. Centre de recherche d'urbanisme
16. Baker, L. (2006). Observation: A complex research method. Library trends, 55(1), 171-189.
17. Benedikt, M. L. 1979. “To Take Hold of Space: Isovists and Isovist Fields.” Environment and Planning B 6: 47–65.
18. Benlakehal N. (2014): « les balcons d’Alger entre aspiration et réalité sociale : evaluation et analyse de l’espace balcon dans le logement collectif », architecture and environment laboratory, Epau (113 pages)
19. Benlakehal N., Saighi, O., Lebdiri, M. (2019). The appropriation of privative space as a satisfier: case study in Daboussi (Algiers), The 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism, Alanya, 309-320
20. Bouzenda, O. T., & Zerouala, M. S. (2014). Seuil, intimité et espace mental dans l’organisation de l’espace domestique en Algérie. Sciences & Technologie. D, Sciences de la terre, 53-60.
21. Camponovo, R., Magnin, J. Y., & Gallinelli, P. (2006). Thermal rehabilitation: Assignment of balconies into conservatories; The ‘Libellules’ case study. In PLEA 2006—23rd International Conference on Passive and low energy architecture, Conference proceedings (pp. 6-8).
22. Chatman, E. A. (1992) in Baker, L. (2006). Observation: A complex
research method. Library trends, 55(1), 171-189.
23. De Macedo, P. F., Ornstein, S. W., & Elali, G. A. (2022). Privacy and housing: research perspectives based on a systematic literature review. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 37(2), 653-683.
24. Denault, V., Rioux-Turcotte, J., & Tomas, F. (2017). La spontanéité du discours, un facteur déterminant la crédibilité des témoins. In ScriptUM: la revue du colloque VocUM (No. 3, pp. 85-110).
25. Depaule, J. C., & Noweir, S. (1986). Balcons au Caire: Les relations de l’intérieur et de l’extérieur dans l’habitat populaire. Architecture and Behaviour, 2(3-4), 301-321.
26. DOMINGO-IRIGOYEN, S., GUTIÉRREZ, A. S. O., BARRIO, A. M., & GONZÁLEZ, P. (2013). Methodology for diagnosis of real condition of a listed building envelope for its refurbishment. In PLEA.
27. Duarte, C. C., Cortiços, N. D., Stefańska, A., & Stefańska, A. (2022). Home Balconies during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Future Architect’s Preferences in Lisbon and Warsaw. Applied Sciences, 13(1), 298.
28. ElZein, Z., & ElSemary, Y. (2022). Re-Thinking post-pandemic home design: How Covid-19 affected the perception and use of residential balconies in Egypt. Future Cities and Environment, 8(1).
29. Fallah, S. N., Khalili, A., & bin Mohd Rasdi, M. T. (2015). Privacy as a cultural value in traditional Iranian housing; Lessons for modern Iranian high density vertical development (HDVD) housing. ArchNet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 9(1), 198.
30. Friedman, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Hagman, J., Severson, R. L., & Gill, B. (2006). The watcher and the watched: Social judgments about privacy in a public place. Human-Computer Interaction, 21(2), 235-272.
31. Ghasemi, M. (2015). Investigation of traditional dwellings in four middle eastern cities in terms of strategies for coping with climatic factors and privacy (Master's thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU)-Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi (DAÜ)).
32. Grolier Mathieu (2013) : « le balcon entre ornement et débarras », Master housing & energy, graduate school of architecture, Marne-La-Vallée.
33. housing: Lessons for modern Iranian high density vertical development housing. International Journalof Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 9(1), 198. https:// doi. org/ 10. 26687/ archn et- ijar. v9i1. 324
34. Ittelson, W. H. (1978). Environmental perception and urban experience. Environment and behavior, 10(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916578102004
35. Jefferies, T., Cheng, J., & Coucill, L. (2021). Lockdown urbanism: COVID-19 lifestyles and liveable futures opportunities in Wuhan and Manchester. Cities & health, 5(sup1), S155-S158.
36. Jin, X., & Wang, J. (2021). Assessing Linear Urban Landscape from dynamic visual perception based on urban morphology. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 10(1), 202-219.
37. Kalali, P. (2015). Meaningful perception of place: The most effective dimensions and factors. Urban Design International, 20, 222-240.
38. Karimi, R., Avazpour, B., & Sepasgozar, S. M. (2020). Effective factors on desirability of private open spaces: A case study of Kuye Nasr residential buildings, Tehran. Smart Cities and Construction Technologies, 95.
39. Kauser, N. (2018). Effect of culture, religious beliefs and traditions on residential built forms–A Study on Islamic countries. University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
40. Khalil, M., & Eissa, D. (2022). Balconies during COVID-19 lockdown: exploring the change in patterns of use in Cairo. Open House International, 47(2), 235-253.
41. Linch,K (1960). The image of the city (Vol11). MT press.
42. Manaf, A. A., Rahim, Z. A., Majid, N. H. A., & Omer, S. (2019). A relook at visual privacy: Definition and factors influencing muslim visual privacy (MVP). Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities.
43. MANDHAN, S., BIRGE, D., & BERGER, A. DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF EXTERNAL VISUAL PRIVACY IN ARAB MUSLIM NEIGHBORHOODS. PARAMETRICISM VS. MATERIALISM, 537.
44. Margulis, S. T. (2011). Three theories of privacy: An overview. Privacy online: Perspectives on privacy and self-disclosure in the social web, 9-17.
45. Moayed, N. N. (2019). Comparative Assessment of the Change in Privacy Levels in the Adaptive Reuse of Listed Iranian Traditional Houses from Qajar Era (1789 to 1925) According to Different Functions (Master's thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU)-Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi (DAÜ)).
46. Molaei, P., Hashempour, P., & Tang, L. M. (2022). Semi-open spaces of apartments considering COVID-19 pandemic: General expectations of balcony design in the post-pandemic world. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(5), 705-722.
47. Murphy, P. E., & Staples, W. A. (1979). A modernized family life cycle. Journal of consumer research, 6(1), 12-22.
48. Petronio S (2002) Boundaries of privacy: dialectics of disclosure. State University of New York Press, Albany
49. Portell Vidal, M., Anguera Argilaga, M. T., Chacón Moscoso, S., & Sanduvete Chaves, S. (2015). Guidelines for reporting evaluations based on observational methodology. Psicothema, 27 (3), 283-289.
50. Powell, R. R., & Connaway, L. S. (2004). Basic research methods for librarians (4th ed.) Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited.
51. Rahim, Z. A. (2015). The influence of culture and religion on visual privacy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 537-544.
52. Ribeiro, C., Ramos, N. M., & Flores-Colen, I. (2020). A review of balcony impacts on the indoor environmental quality of dwellings. Sustainability, 12(16), 6453.
53. Rouag-Djenedi 2005, relogement dans l’appartement moderne des grands ensembles : rapports sociaux et intimité, Sciences humaines N 24, pp 21-30
54. Safarkhani, M. (2016). Balconies consigned to oblivion in iranian residential buildings the case of Tehran, Iran (Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University).
55. Shabani, M. M., Tahir, M. M., Arjmandi, H., Abdullah, N. A. G., & Usman, I. M. S. (2010). Achieving privacy in the Iranian contemporary compact apartment through flexible design. Selected topics in power systems and remote sensing, 285-296.
56. Shabani, M. M., Tahir, M. M., Shabankareh, H., Arjmandi, H., & Mazaheri, F. (2011). Relation of cultural and social attributes in dwelling, responding to privacy in Iranian traditional house. e-BANGI, 6(2), 273.
57. Smektała, M., & Baborska-Narożny, M. (2022). The use of apartment balconies: context, design and social norms. Buildings and Cities, 3(1), 134-152.
58. Sriti, L., & Tabet-Aoul, K. (2004). Evolution des modèles d'habitat et appropriation de l'espace: Le cas de l'architecture domestique dans les Ziban.
59. Stender, M. (2022). The Battle of the Balconies—Scandinavian Sameness and Urban-Domestic Boundaries. Home Cultures, 19(3), 171-192.
60. Westin, A. F. (1967). Privacy and freedom. New York: Atheneum.
61. Williamson, K. (2000). Research methods for students and professionals: Information management and systems. Wagga Wagga, NSW: Charles Sturt University, Center for Information Studies.
62. Zheng, H., Wu, B., Zhang, J., Yan, J., & Wei, H. (2023). Refining the potential visual exposure index for the assessment of residential visual privacy: a three-dimensional study. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 22(3), 1458-1475.
2. Abd Manaf, A., Rahim, Z. A., Majid, N. H. A., & Omer, S. (2018). Towards an Islamic application of visual privacy principles on Malaysian terrace housing: a conceptual framework. Planning Malaysia, 16.
3. Al Mushayt, N. S., Dal Cin, F., & Barreiros Proença, S. (2021). New lens to reveal the street interface. A morphological-visual perception methodological contribution for decoding the public/private edge of arterial streets. Sustainability, 13(20), 11442.
4. Alizadeh, H. (2012). The concept of privacy and space in Kurdish cities. Urban theory beyond the West: A world of cities, 149-168.
5. ALJAWDER, H., & EL-WAKEEL, H. A. (2022). ARCHITECTURE AND PRIVACY IN ISLAM: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 211, 129-139.
6. Alkhazmi, H. M., & Esin, N. (2017). Investigation the visual privacy on houses layouts in traditional desert settlement of Ghadames City-Libya-by using space syntax analysis. Int J Appl Eng Res, 12(19), 8941-51.
7. Al‐Kodmany, K. (1999). Residential visual privacy: Traditional and modern architecture and urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 4(3), 283-311.
8. Al-Kodmany, K. (2000). Women's visual privacy in traditional and modern neighborhoods in Damascus. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 283-303.
9. Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, crowding. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
10. Altman, I. (1977). Privacy regulation: Culturally universal or culturally specific?. Journal of social issues, 33(3), 66-84.
11. Antoniou, N., Montazeri, H., Wigo, H., Neophytou, M. K. A., Blocken, B., & Sandberg, M. (2017). CFD and wind-tunnel analysis of outdoor ventilation in a real compact heterogeneous urban area: Evaluation using “air delay”. Building and Environment, 126, 355-372.
12. Aydin, D., & Sayar, G. (2021). Questioning the use of the balcony in apartments during the COVID-19 pandemic process. Archnet-IJAR: International
Journal of Architectural Research, 15(1), 51-63.
13. AymanNajeedTomah. (2012). Visual privacy in residential areas: amendment of building regulations. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning, 165(1), 43-53.
14. Badeche, M., & Bouchahm, Y. (2021). Contribution of Renewable Energies in Existing Building Retrofits. In Artificial Intelligence and Renewables Towards an Energy Transition 4 (55-61). Springer International Publishing.
15. Bailly, A. S. (1977). The perception of urban space: concepts, study methods,their use in urban research. Centre de recherche d'urbanisme
16. Baker, L. (2006). Observation: A complex research method. Library trends, 55(1), 171-189.
17. Benedikt, M. L. 1979. “To Take Hold of Space: Isovists and Isovist Fields.” Environment and Planning B 6: 47–65.
18. Benlakehal N. (2014): « les balcons d’Alger entre aspiration et réalité sociale : evaluation et analyse de l’espace balcon dans le logement collectif », architecture and environment laboratory, Epau (113 pages)
19. Benlakehal N., Saighi, O., Lebdiri, M. (2019). The appropriation of privative space as a satisfier: case study in Daboussi (Algiers), The 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism, Alanya, 309-320
20. Bouzenda, O. T., & Zerouala, M. S. (2014). Seuil, intimité et espace mental dans l’organisation de l’espace domestique en Algérie. Sciences & Technologie. D, Sciences de la terre, 53-60.
21. Camponovo, R., Magnin, J. Y., & Gallinelli, P. (2006). Thermal rehabilitation: Assignment of balconies into conservatories; The ‘Libellules’ case study. In PLEA 2006—23rd International Conference on Passive and low energy architecture, Conference proceedings (pp. 6-8).
22. Chatman, E. A. (1992) in Baker, L. (2006). Observation: A complex
research method. Library trends, 55(1), 171-189.
23. De Macedo, P. F., Ornstein, S. W., & Elali, G. A. (2022). Privacy and housing: research perspectives based on a systematic literature review. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 37(2), 653-683.
24. Denault, V., Rioux-Turcotte, J., & Tomas, F. (2017). La spontanéité du discours, un facteur déterminant la crédibilité des témoins. In ScriptUM: la revue du colloque VocUM (No. 3, pp. 85-110).
25. Depaule, J. C., & Noweir, S. (1986). Balcons au Caire: Les relations de l’intérieur et de l’extérieur dans l’habitat populaire. Architecture and Behaviour, 2(3-4), 301-321.
26. DOMINGO-IRIGOYEN, S., GUTIÉRREZ, A. S. O., BARRIO, A. M., & GONZÁLEZ, P. (2013). Methodology for diagnosis of real condition of a listed building envelope for its refurbishment. In PLEA.
27. Duarte, C. C., Cortiços, N. D., Stefańska, A., & Stefańska, A. (2022). Home Balconies during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Future Architect’s Preferences in Lisbon and Warsaw. Applied Sciences, 13(1), 298.
28. ElZein, Z., & ElSemary, Y. (2022). Re-Thinking post-pandemic home design: How Covid-19 affected the perception and use of residential balconies in Egypt. Future Cities and Environment, 8(1).
29. Fallah, S. N., Khalili, A., & bin Mohd Rasdi, M. T. (2015). Privacy as a cultural value in traditional Iranian housing; Lessons for modern Iranian high density vertical development (HDVD) housing. ArchNet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 9(1), 198.
30. Friedman, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Hagman, J., Severson, R. L., & Gill, B. (2006). The watcher and the watched: Social judgments about privacy in a public place. Human-Computer Interaction, 21(2), 235-272.
31. Ghasemi, M. (2015). Investigation of traditional dwellings in four middle eastern cities in terms of strategies for coping with climatic factors and privacy (Master's thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU)-Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi (DAÜ)).
32. Grolier Mathieu (2013) : « le balcon entre ornement et débarras », Master housing & energy, graduate school of architecture, Marne-La-Vallée.
33. housing: Lessons for modern Iranian high density vertical development housing. International Journalof Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 9(1), 198. https:// doi. org/ 10. 26687/ archn et- ijar. v9i1. 324
34. Ittelson, W. H. (1978). Environmental perception and urban experience. Environment and behavior, 10(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916578102004
35. Jefferies, T., Cheng, J., & Coucill, L. (2021). Lockdown urbanism: COVID-19 lifestyles and liveable futures opportunities in Wuhan and Manchester. Cities & health, 5(sup1), S155-S158.
36. Jin, X., & Wang, J. (2021). Assessing Linear Urban Landscape from dynamic visual perception based on urban morphology. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 10(1), 202-219.
37. Kalali, P. (2015). Meaningful perception of place: The most effective dimensions and factors. Urban Design International, 20, 222-240.
38. Karimi, R., Avazpour, B., & Sepasgozar, S. M. (2020). Effective factors on desirability of private open spaces: A case study of Kuye Nasr residential buildings, Tehran. Smart Cities and Construction Technologies, 95.
39. Kauser, N. (2018). Effect of culture, religious beliefs and traditions on residential built forms–A Study on Islamic countries. University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
40. Khalil, M., & Eissa, D. (2022). Balconies during COVID-19 lockdown: exploring the change in patterns of use in Cairo. Open House International, 47(2), 235-253.
41. Linch,K (1960). The image of the city (Vol11). MT press.
42. Manaf, A. A., Rahim, Z. A., Majid, N. H. A., & Omer, S. (2019). A relook at visual privacy: Definition and factors influencing muslim visual privacy (MVP). Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities.
43. MANDHAN, S., BIRGE, D., & BERGER, A. DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF EXTERNAL VISUAL PRIVACY IN ARAB MUSLIM NEIGHBORHOODS. PARAMETRICISM VS. MATERIALISM, 537.
44. Margulis, S. T. (2011). Three theories of privacy: An overview. Privacy online: Perspectives on privacy and self-disclosure in the social web, 9-17.
45. Moayed, N. N. (2019). Comparative Assessment of the Change in Privacy Levels in the Adaptive Reuse of Listed Iranian Traditional Houses from Qajar Era (1789 to 1925) According to Different Functions (Master's thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU)-Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi (DAÜ)).
46. Molaei, P., Hashempour, P., & Tang, L. M. (2022). Semi-open spaces of apartments considering COVID-19 pandemic: General expectations of balcony design in the post-pandemic world. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(5), 705-722.
47. Murphy, P. E., & Staples, W. A. (1979). A modernized family life cycle. Journal of consumer research, 6(1), 12-22.
48. Petronio S (2002) Boundaries of privacy: dialectics of disclosure. State University of New York Press, Albany
49. Portell Vidal, M., Anguera Argilaga, M. T., Chacón Moscoso, S., & Sanduvete Chaves, S. (2015). Guidelines for reporting evaluations based on observational methodology. Psicothema, 27 (3), 283-289.
50. Powell, R. R., & Connaway, L. S. (2004). Basic research methods for librarians (4th ed.) Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited.
51. Rahim, Z. A. (2015). The influence of culture and religion on visual privacy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 537-544.
52. Ribeiro, C., Ramos, N. M., & Flores-Colen, I. (2020). A review of balcony impacts on the indoor environmental quality of dwellings. Sustainability, 12(16), 6453.
53. Rouag-Djenedi 2005, relogement dans l’appartement moderne des grands ensembles : rapports sociaux et intimité, Sciences humaines N 24, pp 21-30
54. Safarkhani, M. (2016). Balconies consigned to oblivion in iranian residential buildings the case of Tehran, Iran (Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University).
55. Shabani, M. M., Tahir, M. M., Arjmandi, H., Abdullah, N. A. G., & Usman, I. M. S. (2010). Achieving privacy in the Iranian contemporary compact apartment through flexible design. Selected topics in power systems and remote sensing, 285-296.
56. Shabani, M. M., Tahir, M. M., Shabankareh, H., Arjmandi, H., & Mazaheri, F. (2011). Relation of cultural and social attributes in dwelling, responding to privacy in Iranian traditional house. e-BANGI, 6(2), 273.
57. Smektała, M., & Baborska-Narożny, M. (2022). The use of apartment balconies: context, design and social norms. Buildings and Cities, 3(1), 134-152.
58. Sriti, L., & Tabet-Aoul, K. (2004). Evolution des modèles d'habitat et appropriation de l'espace: Le cas de l'architecture domestique dans les Ziban.
59. Stender, M. (2022). The Battle of the Balconies—Scandinavian Sameness and Urban-Domestic Boundaries. Home Cultures, 19(3), 171-192.
60. Westin, A. F. (1967). Privacy and freedom. New York: Atheneum.
61. Williamson, K. (2000). Research methods for students and professionals: Information management and systems. Wagga Wagga, NSW: Charles Sturt University, Center for Information Studies.
62. Zheng, H., Wu, B., Zhang, J., Yan, J., & Wei, H. (2023). Refining the potential visual exposure index for the assessment of residential visual privacy: a three-dimensional study. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 22(3), 1458-1475.